Urology A-Z
Every archived condition, disorder and procedure entry published on this domain, listed A-Z with the edition year printed on the page it came from.
105 entries in this list
Condition groups
Bladder Cancer, Control and Health 32 entries
Kidney Cancer and Stones 23 entries
Prostate Cancer and Health 3 entries
Sexual and Reproductive Health 21 entries
Pediatric and Congenital Urology 12 entries
Tests, Imaging and Procedures 14 entries
Entries
Adrenal Gland Cancers
While benign (non-cancerous) tumors in the adrenal gland are very common, cancers in or around this gland are very rare. They are found in only 1 or...
2022 edition
Adrenal Mass
An adrenal mass is an abnormal growth that develops in the adrenal gland. It's unclear why these masses form. They can develop in anyone of any age...
2022 edition
Advanced Prostate Cancer
When prostate cancer spreads beyond the prostate or returns after treatment, it is often called advanced prostate cancer.
2022 edition
Ambiguous (Uncertain) Genitalia
Every minute of every day, a baby is born. Most babies are easily seen to be a girl or a boy. Imagine how confusing it must be when we don't know the...
2022 edition
Angiography
Angiography is the x-ray imaging of blood vessels using a contrast agent (dye). The dye makes the blood vessels visible with an x-ray.
2022 edition
Antegrade Pyelography
Antegrade pyelography uses a special dye to see detailed x-ray images of the upper urinary tract (kidney and ureter).
2022 edition
Benign (Not Cancerous) Uretheral Lesions Boys
Irregularities of the urethra in young boys are rare. But they can cause problems with urination.
2022 edition
Benign (Not Cancerous) Uretheral Lesions Girls
Benign lesions in the urinary tracts of young girls are rare. But when they happen, they can cause problems.
2022 edition
Benign (Not Cancerous) Urethral Lesions
The urethra is a vital part of the urinary tract. Its main job is to carry urine out of the body. In men, this channel also carries semen from the...
2022 edition
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is when the prostate and surrounding tissue expands. The prostate goes through two main growth periods as a man...
2022 edition
Biopsy
A biopsy involves taking a piece of skin or tissue from the body to look at under a microscope. A doctor will see if the tissue contains cancer or...
2022 edition
Bladder Augmentation (Enlargement)
The bladder's job is to store urine and release it when it's full. It is one of the many organs located in the lower part of your abdomen. Sometimes...
2022 edition
Bladder Cancer
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is cancer found in the tissue that lines the inner surface of the bladder. The bladder muscle is not...
2024 edition
Bladder Control Problems in Children
Bladder control problems describe a range of problems with the way the bladder holds and releases urine. This is also commonly called bladder...
2024 edition
Bladder Diverticulum
A bladder diverticulum is a pouch in the bladder wall that a person may either be born with ("congenital") or get later ("acquired").
2022 edition
Bladder Dysfunction and Urine Control in Children
Bladder dysfunction is a term used for a range of problems with the way the bladder holds and releases urine. For children, there may be a problem...
2022 edition
Bladder Exstrophy
Sometimes problems happen with the way the bladder forms. The bladder muscles don't develop properly for children with bladder exstrophy.
2022 edition
Bladder Fistula
A bladder fistula is when an opening forms between the bladder and some other organ or the skin. Most often the bladder opens to the bowel...
2022 edition
Bladder Prolapse (Cystocele)
Urinary Bladder Prolapse (Cystocele) Medical Illustration Copyright © 2015 Nucleus Medical Media, All rights reserved.
2022 edition
Bladder Scan
Also called a bladder scan, this test uses a liquid with radioactive material to outline the bladder.
2022 edition
Bladder Trauma
The bladder isnt injured often. The bones in the pelvis protect it from most outside forces. But the bladder can be injured by blows or piercing...
2022 edition
Circumcision
Boys are born with a hood of skin that covers the head of their penis called the foreskin. Circumcision is a surgical procedure to remove the...
2022 edition
Cloacal Abnormalities
As a baby develops, three openings normally form for the intestinal, genital and urinary tracts. In early stages of pregnancy, these three openings...
2024 edition
Cloacal Exstrophy
Sometimes the bladder doesn't develop properly, as is the case for children with cloacal exstrophy. This is the most severe birth defect of the lower...
2022 edition
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
The most common blood test, a Complete Blood Count (CBC), is done to get information on the number of red, white and platelet cells in the blood. It...
2022 edition
Congenital Vaginal Obstruction
Vaginal blockages at birth are rare but must be fixed with surgery. Most female infants are born with a thin layer of issue (hymen) that incompletely...
2024 edition
Conn's Syndrome
Conn's syndrome is a rare health problem that occurs when the adrenal glands make too much aldosterone. This problem is also known as primary...
2022 edition
Contrast and Radionuclide Cystography
These tests are used to diagnose bladder problems. It helps your urologist see how well the bladder works, and to find the cause of infections or...
2022 edition
Cryptorchidism
An undescended testicle (or "testis") is when it fails to drop into the normal place in the scrotum. Your child's health care provider can find this...
2022 edition
CT Scan
Computed axial tomography (also known as "CT scan" or "CAT scan") combines x-rays and computer processing to make very detailed images. It can...
2022 edition
Cushing's Syndrome
Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a rare problem caused when the adrenal gland(s) makes too much of a hormone called cortisol. CS is most often due to a...
2022 edition
Cystometry
Cystometry, or cystometrogram, with a pressure flow study is part of urodynamic testing (or UDS). These tests measure how well the bladder functions...
2022 edition
Cystoscopy
Cystoscopy, or cystourethroscopy, is a procedure that lets a urologist view the inside of the bladder and urethra in detail.
2022 edition
Ectopic Kidney
Most people are born with two kidneys. Factors can sometimes affect how the kidneys develop. An ectopic kidney is a kidney that does not grow in the...
2022 edition
Ectopic Ureter
Most of us are born with 2 ureters, the tube that drains the urine from each kidney into the bladder.
2022 edition
Epididymitis and Orchitis
Pain in the scrotum or testicle ("testis") might be from epididymitis, orchitis or both.
2022 edition
Epispadias
Epispadias is a rare congenital (present at birth) abnormality that involves the opening of the urethra (the tube from which urine exit the bladder)...
2022 edition
Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
Erectile dysfunction, or ED, is the most common sex problem that men report to their doctor. It affects as many as 30 million men.
2024 edition
Extrinsic Obstruction of the Ureter
The ureter is a muscular tube that transfers urine from the kidney to the bladder. It is about 10 inches long, with the upper half in the belly and...
2024 edition
Horseshoe Kidney (Renal Fusion)
Most people are born with 2 kidneys. But sometimes the kidneys form fused together. The information here will help you talk to your urologist if you...
2024 edition
Hypospadias
Most boys are born with a penis that looks normal and works well. Some boys are born with a condition called hypospadias. Hypospadias results in a...
2024 edition
Immunotherapy and Bladder Cancer
The immune system is a natural part of our body. Its role is to get rid of foreign or damaged material and cells before they cause trouble.
2024 edition
Interstitial Cystitis
Interstitial cystitis (IC)/bladder pain syndrome (BPS) is a chronic bladder health issue. It is a feeling of pain and pressure in the bladder area...
2024 edition
Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)
IVP is an x-ray exam that uses a special dye to outline the kidneys, ureters and bladder. It can show how your renal and urinary system handles fluid...
2024 edition
Kidney (Renal) Dysplasia and Cystic Disease
Most kidneys work well cleaning the blood from waste and keeping the body's fluids and electrolytes in balance. A problem can occur during early...
2024 edition
Kidney (Renal) Infection - Pyelonephritis
Pyelonephritis is a type of urinary tract infection where one or both kidneys become infected. They can be infected by bacteria or a virus. It can...
2024 edition
Kidney (Renal) Nuclear Medicine Scan
A renal nuclear medical scan is used to diagnose certain kidney diseases. It shows not only what the kidneys look like, but also how well they work...
2024 edition
Kidney Cancer
Our kidneys' main job is to filter our blood. Sometimes we develop masses (growths or tumors) inside our kidneys. Some of these growths are cancerous...
2024 edition
Kidney Cancer in Children
Kidney (renal) tumors are very rare in children. Still, the three most common renal tumors found in children are:.
2024 edition
Kidney Stones
Urine contains many dissolved minerals and salts. When your urine has high levels of these minerals and salts, you can form stones. Kidney stones can...
2024 edition
Kidney Transplant
A kidney transplant is one of the most common organ transplant surgeries performed today. In this surgery, kidneys that aren't working well are...
2024 edition
Low Testosterone
Testosterone is the male sex hormone that is made in the testicles. Testosterone hormone levels are important to normal male sexual development and...
2024 edition
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses radio waves and magnets to make detailed pictures of the body's organs and soft tissues. These images can be...
2024 edition
Male Infertility
Male infertility is any health issue in a man that lowers the chances of his female partner getting pregnant.
2024 edition
Meatal Stenosis
Meatal stenosis is when the opening at the end of the penis becomes narrow. This condition is usually acquired but can exist from birth.
2024 edition
Megaureter
Most children are born with a normal urinary tract. But in some infants the tube that connects the kidney and bladder gets wider. This can cause...
2024 edition
Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer
Muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is a cancer that spreads into the detrusor muscle of the bladder. The detrusor muscle is the thick muscle deep...
2024 edition
Neonatal Testicular Torsion
Testicular Torsion is when a loose testicle twists around the spermatic chord. When this happens, it cuts off the blood flow to the testicle. It...
2024 edition
Neurogenic Bladder
Neurogenic Bladder, also known as Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction, is when a person lacks bladder control due to brain, spinal cord or...
2024 edition
Nocturia
If you wake up more than one time each night to go to the bathroom, you may have nocturia. Sleep disruption from having to pass urine during the...
2024 edition
Overactive Bladder (OAB)
Overactive bladder (OAB) is the name for a group of urinary symptoms. It is not a disease. The most common symptom is a sudden, uncontrolled need or...
2024 edition
Paruresis (Urinating in Public)
Paruresis, often called "shy bladder" syndrome, is when you have trouble urinating when other people are around. Depending on how serious it is, some...
2024 edition
Pelvic Floor Muscles
Bladder control depends on muscles working together when the bladder is filling with urine. The bladder muscle should be relaxed and the muscles...
2024 edition
Penile Augmentation
There are many ads about how to increase penis size. There are penis pills, creams, stretchers, or stretching devices and surgery. Almost none of...
2024 edition
Penile Trauma
While the penis is one of the least harmed organs, accidents can happen. Though not common, large hospitals may see a number of cases of penile...
2024 edition
Peyronie's Disease
Peyronie's disease is where plaques (segments of flat scar tissue) form under the skin of the penis. These plaques can cause the penis to bend or...
2024 edition
Pheochromocytoma (Adrenal Medulla Tumor)
Pheochromocytoma is a tumor found in the adrenal medulla (the inner part of the adrenal gland). The adrenal medulla makes the hormones adrenaline...
2024 edition
Premature Ejaculation
Some people think premature ejaculation (PE) is a disease or a problem that cannot be fixed. Others may think certain men are born with better...
2024 edition
Priapism
Priapism is a rare condition resulting in an uncontrolled erection lasting for an unusually long time. It can be painful. Sexual stimulation can be...
2024 edition
Prostate Cancer
The prostate and seminal vesicles are part of the male reproductive system. The prostate is about the size of a walnut. The seminal vesicles are two...
2024 edition
Renal Mass and Localized Renal Tumors
The word renal means kidney. The words "tumor" and "mass" mean abnormal growths in the body. A renal mass, or tumor, is an abnormal growth in the...
2024 edition
Renovascular Disease
Most kidneys work well to clean the blood and keep the body's fluids and electrolytes in balance. But sometimes, the arteries of the kidneys can get...
2024 edition
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are also commonly called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). They are the infections you get from another...
2024 edition
Sperm Retrieval
Sperm retrieval is any way used to get sperm for fertility purposes.
2024 edition
Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI)
The bladder's job is to hold urine until you are ready to release it. When the bladder is working well, you can do what you would like, when you...
2024 edition
Testicular Cancer
The male reproductive organs include internal and external parts. The main reproductive organs are the penis, scrotum with testicles, and prostate.
2024 edition
Testicular Cancer in Children
In children with testicular cancer, cancerous cells are found in the tissues of one or both testicles. Testicular tumors in children are rare, most...
2024 edition
Testicular Self-Examination
A testicular self-exam is when you check your testicles for any changes or abnormalities. It is of great value to know what feels normal, so that you...
2024 edition
Testicular Trauma
The testicles are vital for reproduction and normal male hormones. Because they're in the scrotum, which hangs outside the body, they don't have...
2024 edition
Ultrasound Imaging
An ultrasound exam (or "sonogram") is a painless diagnostic technique that makes use of how sound waves travel through the body. When sound waves...
2024 edition
Undescended Testicles (Cryptorchidism)
The male reproductive system* includes the penis, testicles and scrotal sac/scrotum. These organs make, store and transport sperm. A sperm is a very...
2024 edition
Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma (UTUC)
Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma (UTUC) is a cancer that affects the inside lining (urothelium) of the kidney (the "collecting system" - where urine...
2024 edition
Ureterocele
Most of us are born with two ureters, one from each kidney to drain urine into the bladder. Some (1 in 125 people), on the other hand, have two...
2024 edition
Urethral Cancer
Urethral cancer is the most rare of all urological cancer. Only 1 or 2 people out of 100 patients with cancer get this type. It is more common in men...
2024 edition
Urethral Diverticulum
Urethral diverticulum (UD) is a pocket or pouch that forms along the urethra. Because of its location, it can be filled with urine and lead to...
2024 edition
Urethral Stricture Disease
The urethra's main job in males and females is to pass urine outside the body. This thin tube also has an important role in ejaculation for men. When...
2024 edition
Urethral Trauma
Injury to the urethra doesn't happen very often. But this can result from straddle-type falls or pelvic fractures. Dealing with these problems...
2024 edition
Urinalysis
Urinalysis is a test used to examine the content of a urine sample. A urinalysis is used:.
2024 edition
Urinary Incontinence
Urinary incontinence is leaking of urine that you can't control. Many American men and women suffer from urinary incontinence. We don't know for sure...
2024 edition
Urinary Tract Infections in Adults
A urinary tract infection, or UTI, is when bacteria gets into your urinary tract- kidneys, bladder, or urethra. UTIs cause more than 8.1 million...
2024 edition
Urinary Tract Infections in Children
A UTI is when bacteria gets into your urine and travels up to your bladder. As many as 8 in 100 of girls and 2 in 100 of boys will get UTIs. Young...
2024 edition
Urine Culture Sample
A urine culture is used to identify a urinary tract infection with a sample of "clean-catch" (midstream) urine.
2024 edition
Urine Cystology
Urine cytology is a test to screen a patient's urine for cancer cells. This is one of many tools used to diagnose cancers in the urinary tract...
2024 edition
Urodynamics
Urodynamic studies (UDS) test how well the bladder, sphincters, and urethra hold and release urine. These tests can show how well the bladder works...
2024 edition
Uroflowmetry
Uroflowmetry measures the flow of urine. It tracks how fast urine flows, how much flows out, and how long it takes. It's a diagnostic test to assess...
2024 edition
Urogenital Sinus Abnormalities
As a baby develops, three openings normally form for the intestinal, genital and urinary tracts. In early stages of pregnancy, these three openings...
2024 edition
Urologic Radiology
Improvements in medicine have helped all doctors, especially urologists. Urologists now have many tools to help diagnose disease in our most private...
2024 edition
Vaginal Abnormalities: Cloacal Abnormalities
As a baby develops, three (3) openings normally form for the intestinal, genital and urinary tracts. In early stages of pregnancy, these three...
2024 edition
Vaginal Agenesis
Vaginal agenesis is a birth defect that affects few women (1 out of 5,000). But unless it is fixed, it can make sex and having a baby not possible...
2024 edition
Vaginal Fusion and Duplication
There are many functions of the female reproductive system. The ovaries make female egg cells, called ova or oocytes. The oocytes move down the...
2024 edition
Varicoceles
A varicocele is when veins become enlarged inside your scrotum (the pouch of skin that holds your testicles). These veins are called the pampiniform...
2024 edition
Vasectomy
Vasectomy is minor surgery to block sperm from reaching the semen that is ejaculated from the penis. Semen still exists, but it has no sperm in it...
2024 edition
Vasectomy Reversal
Vasectomy is minor surgery to block sperm from reaching the semen that is ejaculated from the penis. Semen still exists, but it has no sperm in it...
2024 edition
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
Many people have heard of acid reflux. It is when stomach acids move up, causing pain or a burning feeling in the chest area. This is not the only...
2024 edition
X-ray
In medicine, "imaging" is the term used for any method to take pictures of bones and organs inside the body. Many imaging modalities use x-ray...
2024 edition